The Brain and The Origins Of Violence Essay -- Biology Essays Research

Is The Brain To Blame? Searching For The Origins Of ViolenceFrom the dawning of man, ferocity has always been one of the defining characteristics of humankind. Throughout all of history we see evidence of mans tendencies toward acting blood-redly in response to his emotions - everything from anger, fear, to just plain enjoyment. plainly to where can we trace the true origin of violence, the place where it all begins? Does the root of violence stem from societal and cultural values or can we forecast the finger at a deeper cause, one with a neuro biologic basis? Can we successfully predict the violent tendencies in individuals, and if so, how? And if there is a biological basis for violent behavior, where does that leave our society and our methods of control? These were the questions I sought to have answered. Before we can begin to answer these questions, however, we must first own that not all acts of violence are the same. Certainly the child that throws his toys across the r oom in anger does not compare to the serial rapist who takes joyfulness in attacking women. However since we are primarily interested in tracing the roots of violent behavior, it would be most helpful to look bear out to the time when our thoughts and actions were only beginning to be shaped, when our minds were impressionable and constantly curious - our childhood. And so we will examine the three main categories of violence observed in childhood - community and school violence, media-related violence, and violence in the home (1) - so that we whitethorn begin to paint a picture of the environment in which the violent individual is born. It is no secret that violence in the schools and community has frighteningly been on the rise in America. In fact, from ... ... to no signs of violence at all. I have also learned that though we cannot as a just society judge people on the basis of what they may or may not do, we can use the various studies conducted to help in developing ways t o control the violence that already exists. Perhaps in doing so, we can reconstitute our society to be one that is less violent, less threatening, and more fit for our future generations. WWW Sources1)Violence and Childhood How Persisting Fear Can Alter the create Childs Brainhttp//www.bcm.edu/cta/Vio_child.htm 2) Incubated in Terror Neurodevelopmental Factors in the Cycle of Violence http//www.bcm.edu/cta/incubated1.htm3)Brain Study Sheds Light on Impulsive Violence , on the Science Daily website http//www.sciencedaily.com/4)Caution Urged for Brain Research on Violence http//hoinguoivietmi.20m.com/August.htm

Nihilism in Turgenovs Fathers and Sons :: Fathers and Sons Essays

Nihilism in Turgenovs Fathers and sons Turgenovs Fathers and Sons has several characters who hold strong views of the field. Pavel believes that Russia of necessity structure from such things as institution, religion, and class hierarchy. Madame Odintsov views the world as simple so long as she keeps it systematic and free from interference. This essay ordain concentrate on perhaps the most interesting and complex character in Fathers and Sons Bazarov. Vladimir Nabakov writes that Turgenov takes his creature B out of a self-imposed pattern and places him in the the normal world of chance. By examining Bazarov this essay will make this statement more clear to the reader. Using nihilism as a starting point we shall look at Bazarovs views and interpretations of science, government and institution. Next we will turn to the issue relationships. Finally we examine Bazarovs death and the stunning truths it reveals. These issues combined with the theme of nihilism will prove that chance, or fate is a strong force which cannot easily be negated. Nihilism as a concept is used throughout Fathers and Sons. To growth a better understanding of the ideas behind this term lets look at what Bazarov says on the subject. We base our conduct on what we recognize as useful... the most useful thing we can do is to repudiate and so we repudiate (123). The base concept of nihilism is to deny or negate, and as we nab later in the same paragraph, to negate everything. With this destruction of everything from science to art there is no building for nihilists, as Bazarov says That is not our affair (126). Nihilists view the up-to-date structure of society as concerned with such trivialties as art and parliamentism while ignoring real life issues such as food, freedom, and equally. Nihilists are aware of these affable woes and hence mentally deny to recognize any of the present authority or institutions which only serve to perpetuate a myth. Bazarov agrees with the statement that nihilism confines oneself to exclaim (126). ... I dont believe in anything and what is sciencescience in the abstract? There are sciences as there are trades and professions, however abstract science just doesnt exist (98). For Bazarov anything that is not tangible and concrete doesnt exist. Psychology, quantum mechanics, neurochemistry would be scoffed at by Bazarov. It seems peculiar that Bazarov would say, ... nowadays we laugh at medicine in general, and worship no one, (197) while at the same time he pursues a career as a doctor.

The Strange Points of View of Dostoevskys The Brothers Karamazov :: Brothers Karamazov Essays

The Strange Points of View of Brothers Karamazov   The novel, The Brothers Karamazov written by Fyodor Dostoevsky was first create in 1880. This book is unique because it is effectivly written in a combination of third psyche omniscient and first mortal point of view. The author seems to be a character in the book but also seems to know all. Parts of The Brothers Karamazov is in the third person omniscient point of view. Third person omniscient is when the author is all knowing. This is shown when the author is able to read the thoughts of all of the main characters. A good example of this is when Mitya, one of the main characters, is observing twain Polish men that he just met. Mityas thoughts are displayed when he decides that it was the little pipe-smoking Pole who was in charge (pg. 507). This shows what is going through Mityas straits when he meets the Poles and is a good example of the third person omniscient point of view. The author also knows what is going on in other towns spot he seems to always be at the monastery in the main town in the book. This is shown when Mitya goes to the village of Sukhoi in order to see a man virtually a business deal. Mitya gets a priest to go with him and the priest suggested they go on foot, for, he assured Mitya, it was only a miles walk... (pg. 452). This is information that could only be known to someone who was at Sukhoi at that time while the character of the author was still at the monastery that is in another town. This also shows third person point of view. The author seems to also know what is going on in the privacy of peoples homes. This is shown on page 483 when Mitya is at his friend Perkhotins house and they are the only two people there and yet the author is able to describe exactly what is going on. He explains how the washing trading operations began when he had no way of actually knowing. This adds to the third person point of view. The third person omniscient point of view aspect of the book makes it so that the story keeps going even though the author is not there. The thoughts and the actions of the characters are always known so that the story is to a greater extent complete and therefore more effective.

Realtor - Adding Value During the Purchase of a Home :: Free Essay Writer

Realtor - Adding Value During the Purchase of a HomeConvenient. Its the word that consumers want to come before anything they do. Make it easy. Make it simple. This comes into play more than so than ever when the consumer is buying a house.Real Estate companies are beginning to offer their customers convenience. Buying a house empennage be considered cardinal of the most time consuming and difficult purchases a person may ever make in a lifetime. To ease the strain and possibly apply a home buyer or seller as a customer for life, services are being offered where the utilities will be hooked up before moving in, phone turned on, cable ready to watch, boxes of trash from moving can be picked up without missing a scheduled day, and in that respect might even be mail waiting in the box when the moving truck pulls up. Realtors are getting more involved in simplifying the process. other aspect for Prudential is contractor referral services. Move in, dont like the carpet this time, th e realtors will sup-ply you with lists of names. DOES THE REALTOR GET A PERCENTAGE OF THE CONTRAC-TORS PAYMENT. DO THE CONTRACTORS PAY TO BE ON THE LIST.harmonize to Prudential, the process to get started is simple and will boil down multiple calls to the different utilities to one 20-minute phone call to a Homessentials representative.According to Jerry Y. Speer, current president of the Pennsylvania Association of realtors, the package services get down been around for 10-12 years. He said over the years a lot of com-panies have offered incentives for their clientele but he hasnt seen these becom any big success. Some by using coupon books that give new homeowners discounts at local stores. Although Speer cant see these incentives as a reason why a person would choose a particu-lar Realtor or buy a certain house.

Bleikasten’s Literary Analysis of Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury Ess

Bleikastens Literary Analysis of Faulkners The Sound and the exasperationBy focusing on the figure of Caddy, Bleikastens screen works to understand the ambiguous nature of modern literature, Faulkners personal interest in Caddy, and the role she plays as a fictional character in relation to both her fictional brothers and her actual readers. To Bleikasten, Caddy seems to function on multiple levels as a desired creation as a fulfillment of what was lacking in Faulkners life and/or as a thematic, dichotomous absence/presence. The first section of the essay, The Most Splendid Failure, examines The Sound and the Fury as a(n) (ironic) modern recognition of the novel as a failed art social class if not language as a failed communicator. Bleikasten recognizes the novel as a reversal of reading, a realization of experience, adventure, and life. Because Faulkner was (apparently) not writing for the public, The Sound and the Fury acted as an intranarcissistic object, a self-gratification , which honestly makes me imagine the novel as a form of grandiose masturbation. And Bleikasten would have to admit that I am not too far off. He writes, the aesthetic is made one with the erotic (415). But indeed the essay takes an odd turn. This self-gratifying fulfillment becomes a replacement of either a missing sister or a dead daughter (the latter of which I dont understand because Faulkners daughter did not die - was she perhaps very sick as an infant?) It seems that Bleikasten is now associating the erotic with the familial - not that incest is an inappropriate topic of conversation. However, Bleikasten does not acknowledge this connection and I cannot understand how Faulkner was implying an incestuous desire in his somewhat romanticized... ...age of the novel (neglecting to mention the same(p) one at the end) that confuses and upsets Benjy caddie versus Caddy, calling on the ambiguities and failing qualities of language, and seeming to draw his essay into a neat circula r argument. But he therefore continues in a somewhat random discussion of Caddy as simultaneously nowhere and everywhere and as a symbol of/for water. He short looks at the role of memory in response to a disappeared, yet obsessed-upon figure, although the purpose of this discussion eludes me. Bleikasten ends by accepting Caddys elusiveness as incumbent given her role in a modern novel and as a woman who cannot be grasped both by manly characters and a male author but what about us female readers? Can we grasp her by reading into Faulkners language, or has his failed storytelling blocked her off from any potential female understanding?

The Canterbury Essay -- Canterbury Tales Literature Essays

The CanterburyThe Canterbury Tales begins with the introduction of each of the pilgrims making their journey to Canterbury to the shrine of Thomas a Becket. These pilgrims include a Knight, his son the Squire, the Knights Yeoman, a Prioress, a Second Nun, a Monk, a Friar, a Merchant, a Clerk, a Man of Law, a Franklin, a Weaver, a Dyer, a Carpenter, a Tapestry-Maker, a Haberdasher, a Cook, a Shipman, a Physician, a Parson, a Miller, a Manciple, a Reeve, a Summoner, a Pardoner, the Wife of Bath, and Chaucer himself. These travelers, who stop at the Tabard Inn, decide to secure stories to pass their time on the way to Canterbury. The Host of the Tabard Inn sets the rules for the accounts. Each of the pilgrims will tell two stories on the way to Canterbury, and two stories on the decrease trip. The Host will decide the best of the tales. They decide to draw lots to see who will tell the first tale, and the Knight receives the honor. The Knights Tale is a tale about two knights, Arcite and Palamon, who are captured in battle and imprisoned in Athens under the order of King Theseus. While imprisoned in a tower, both see Emelye, the sister of Queen Hippolyta, and fall instantly in love with her. Both knights eventually leave prison separately a relay station of Arcite begs Theseus to release him, while Palamon later escapes. Arcite returns to the Athenian court disguised as a servant, and when Palamon escapes he suddenly finds Arcite. They fight over Emelye, but their fight is halt when Theseus finds them. Theseus sets the rules for a duel between the two knights for Emelyes affection, and each raise an army for a battle a year from that date. Before the battle, Arcite prays to Mars for victory in battle, Emelye prays to Diana that ... ...ld speak the language of humans and could sing beautiful. When the white crow learns that Phoebus wife was unfaithful, Phoebus plucks him and curses the crow. According to the Manciple, this explains why crows are black and can only sing in an unpleasant tone. The Parson tells the final tale. The Parsons Tale is not a narrative tale at all, however, but rather an extended sermon on the constitution of sin and the three parts necessary for forgiveness contrition, confession, and satisfaction. The tale gives examples of the seven deadly sins and explains them, and also details what is necessary for redemption. Chaucer ends the tales with a retraction, asking those who were offended by the tales to blame his rough manner and lack of education, for his intentions were not immoral, while asking those who found something redeemable in the tales to give credit to Christ.

The Canterbury Essay -- Canterbury Tales Literature Essays

The CanterburyThe Canterbury recitals begins with the introduction of each of the pilgrims making their journey to Canterbury to the shrine of Thomas a Becket. These pilgrims include a Knight, his son the Squire, the Knights Yeoman, a Prioress, a Second Nun, a Monk, a Friar, a Merchant, a Clerk, a Man of Law, a Franklin, a Weaver, a Dyer, a Carpenter, a Tapestry-Maker, a Haberdasher, a Cook, a Shipman, a Physician, a Parson, a Miller, a Manciple, a Reeve, a Summoner, a Pardoner, the Wife of Bath, and Chaucer himself. These travelers, who stop at the Tabard Inn, decide to tell stories to pass their time on the way to Canterbury. The Host of the Tabard Inn sets the rules for the tales. Each of the pilgrims will tell deuce stories on the way to Canterbury, and two stories on the return trip. The Host will decide the best of the tales. They decide to draw lots to see who will tell the first tale, and the Knight receives the honor. The Knights Tale is a tale about two knights, Arcite and Palamon, who are captured in battle and detain in Athens under the order of King Theseus. While imprisoned in a tower, both see Emelye, the sister of Queen Hippolyta, and fall instantly in love with her. Both knights eventually leave prison one at a time a friend of Arcite begs Theseus to release him, while Palamon later escapes. Arcite returns to the Athenian court disguised as a servant, and when Palamon escapes he suddenly finds Arcite. They fight over Emelye, simply when their fight is stopped when Theseus finds them. Theseus sets the rules for a duel between the two knights for Emelyes affection, and each raise an army for a battle a year from that date. Before the battle, Arcite prays to vitiate for victory in battle, Emelye prays to Diana that ... ...ld speak the language of humans and could sing beautiful. When the white crow learns that Phoebus wife was unfaithful, Phoebus plucks him and curses the crow. According to the Manciple, this explains why crows are black an d can only sing in an unpleasant tone. The Parson tells the final tale. The Parsons Tale is not a narrative tale at all, however, but rather an extended treatment on the nature of sin and the three parts necessary for forgiveness contrition, confession, and satisfaction. The tale gives examples of the seven deadly sins and explains them, and also details what is necessary for redemption. Chaucer ends the tales with a retraction, inquire those who were offended by the tales to blame his rough manner and lack of education, for his intentions were not immoral, while asking those who found something redeemable in the tales to give credit to Christ.

Home School vs. Public School Essay

knowledge is an important decision in educating sisterren. In todays piece more and more families argon choosing to nucleotide shallow their children. While there are advantages and disadvantages to both options. The major factors in deciding which option is best are the learning environment, the curriculum, and meeting the needs of the child or children.Advantages seat SchoolLearning environment. Children within the home school environment are more likely to be calm and comfortable in his or her home. The children will not have the peer pressure of the public school, but the children will have peer pressure from his or her siblings. The children may in like manner show competiveness to one another. A child will feel safer in his or her home surrounding which will pee-pee them a better success rate in his or her learning and testing scores ( customary School vs. Home School). In a recent study children that are home schooled, test in reading, language, and math are in the 8 8th percentile, whereas public school children are in the 50th percentile (Home School Domination). Children are more comfortable with his or her family which let the child have less fear and allow them to focus and study more. The beneficial factor of home school is the child or children lot create a bond with his or her family, and a closeness that lets the child or children learn at his or her own pace, and feel comfortable with his or her learning style, for there is no right or wrong way to learn. Curriculum.There are many types of home school curriculums a parent burn choose to teach their child or children. In order to choose the right option the parent addresses the child or children and makes a choice establish on his or her needs. Some of the curriculum options are the traditional approach, the unit study approach, the Charlotte Mason approach, and the un-schooling approach (Educational Philosophies Defined). Curriculum can be taught as dogged as a child needs, when it is best suited to learn for the family and the child or children, and how the child learns best (Public School vs. Home School). Home schooling allows for a shorter day, where learning can be taught in a few hours vs. a few days or weeks. The schedule can be modified to the needs of the child or children, field trips can happen more frequently, visits to museums and art galleries can be offeringed, and daily activitiesoutside the home can create workforce on learning of the child or childrens environment. coming together the needs of the child. Home school offers a great advantage of the child or childrens needs being meet on a daily basis. Parents can deem the time to sit one to one with the child and allow fitting time to teach them and make sure the child is understanding what is being taught. Some children may not need one to one and excel at a rapid pace and at home the parent can make sure the child has adequate amounts of learning so the child does not get bored. The pare nt can also offer a wider variety of activities, creativity, and unique ways to teach their child or children (Home Schooling vs. Public Schooling The Pros and Cons of Home Schooling). Some children may learn to read in certain positions or places where they feel comfortable and safe, some children may learn counting with make for cars vs. counting cubes, and some children may learn science with experiments. These are all things okay to allow a child to do while being taught at home. These are all options to offer the best possible learning, for a child and meeting his or her needs.Advantage Public SchoolLearning Environment. Public schools offer children the ability to interact and work with others (Advantages of Public Schools). It provides academics and skills to use and apply for interactions with peers (Advantages of Public Schools). Children in a public school setting have more exposure to a variety of teachers and curriculum, such as foreign language, art, home economics, s hop, welding, physical education, drama, music etc. (Advantages of Public Schools). The higher number in students gives opportunities to work in groups, do projects, and team sports. The learning environment gives an understanding of diverse backgrounds and the ability to build dynamic skills for the real world (Advantages of Public Schools). Curriculum. Most states are adopting the ballpark core curriculum for the public school system. The Common join State Standards provide clear and consistent learning goals to help prepare students for college, career, and life (Common Core State Standards). The curriculum of language arts, literacy, and math offered in public schools offer basic classes to advance classes. A general focus on the curriculum is heavy(a) the students the ability to learn with a strong foundation in basic skills for life and work success (Wyoming Public Schools).Not only is the public school systemfocusing on language arts, literacy, and math they also offer a w ider variety of extra-curricular classes that help children learn. This gives the children more experiences of what to expect in higher education. Meeting the needs of the child. Public schools have the No Child Left behind Act. This has allowed the public school system to treat each child as an mortal and as a whole child (National Education Association). It requires the teaching staff to address each childs physical, emotional health, and well-being. It requires assurance that students are actively engaged in varying experiences and settings inside and outside the classroom (National Education Association). The public education system is critical to democracy and its purpose, as reflected in this Act, is to increase the achievement, skills, opportunities, and potential of all students by building upon their strengths and addressing their needs, and to ensure that all students are prepared to thrive in a democratic society and diverse, changing world as knowledgeable, creative, a nd engaged citizens and lifelong learners. (National Education Association).When a parent is deciding on the education of their child or children there are many factors to take into consideration. While there are many more factors to consider than what you have just read, the decision is ultimately the parents and what fits for their child or children. Home schooling seems to give the more flexible approach and the benefits of that in its self are endless. Public school gives many opportunities that home school may not offer as the child or children get older. In general the facts are what matter most and that is the learning environment, curriculum, and meeting the needs of the child and each one of those are met either in home school or public school.Works CitedNational Education Association. Meeting the needs of a Whole Child. Web. 15 Oct. 2009. Public School vs. Home School. Education Bug. Web. 16 Oct. 2014. Public School vs. Home School. Public Schools. Web. 16 Oct. 2014 Prepar ing Americas Students for Success. Home. Web. 20 Oct. 2014. Wyoming Public Schools. Wyoming Public Schools. Web. 20 Oct. 2014. Martin, Jaime. Educational Philosophies Defined, Part I Simple Homeschool. Simple Homeschool. 21 Feb. 2011. Web. 20 Oct. 2014. Some Fascinating Facts about Home School vs. Public School Home School World. Web. 19 Oct. 2014.

Relevancy of Institutional Theory for Managers Essay

institutional theory is one the most renowned suppositional approaches to internationalization process of firms. From the 70s, there hold been publications supporting and developing this theory by researchers such(prenominal) as Di Maggio, Powell, Scott, Meyer or rowan. Nonetheless, several(prenominal) different alternative theories, such as OLI paradigm or TCE model, present also proven themselves quite signifi basist. Shortell and Kalunzy (2000, p. 4) state that organizations must face certain international factors such outside or societal norms, rules, and requirements that an organization must conform to, in modulate to receive legitimacy and support which atomic number 18 two basic factors for a no-hit internationalization process.Nowadays, it is essential to determine the accuracy of internationalization theories because corporations need to respond to the challenges of a globalized world. This essay aims to examine the applicability of the main assumptions of this t heory in tramp to explain the internationalization decisions made by firms? anagers. For that purpose, key aspects such as its scope, current importance or empirical support will be evaluated. Meyer and Rowan (1977), Di Maggio and Powell (1983), and Scott (1987) state that, in order to obtain legitimacy, firms must face isomorphic pressures from the orthogonal context. Di Maggio and Powell (1983) define isomorphism as constraining process that forces one unit of measurement in a population to resemble other units that face the same set of environmental conditions and they remark that firms are forced to compete for legitimacy and semipolitical order apart from customers and resources.Scott (1995) specified that there are three types of isomorphic pressures regulatory, cognitive and normative. Regulatory pressures can be defined as the rules, legislation and sanctions established by government that companies must fol first base. Cognitive pressures refer to the shared vision of how the world works by the members of an institution or societal entity able to tint a corporation. Normative pressures can be describe as the values, norms or other cultural aspects within a country that can influence a firm.In other words, for this theory, any internationalization or foreign direct investment (FDI) operation respond to a legitimacy desire procedure in order to have access to key resources such as public funding or customer support. Nevertheless, this theory does not cover all the practicable dimensions of an internalization process. Dunning (1993) states that there are 4 main motivations for an internationalization process market quest, resource seeking, efficiency seeking and strategic asset seeking. Market seeking can be explained as penetrate into other market and avoid dangerous factors such as tariffs or exchange rate risk.Resource seeking refers to many factors such as location in a cluster, information, or less costly or more efficient resources. Effic iency seeking can be defined as cost reduction (transport and transactions) and the economies of scope and scale that can be reached in a internationalisation process. Strategic asset seeking is all the rest of different motivations such as imitating competitors, prevent competition or follow consumers. Therefore, institutional Theory does not seem to cover full those aspects because no economic considerations are made under this theory.On the other hand, there are theories that cover more accurately economic considerations in internationalisation issues. Buckley and Casson (1976), and Rugman (1981) under Internalisation Theory, state that existing markets may not offer the most efficient conditions to companies and making those markets internal will reduce the transaction be of operating with those markets. Dunning (1980) argues, in this OLI paradigm, that firms operate in international market in order to seek for different kind of advantages Ownership advantages (i. e. rademark or know-how), Locating advantages (i. e. low salaries or taxation) and Internalisation advantages (same advantages mentioned in Internalisation Theory). Hence, it is obvious that Institutional theory has a limited scope as long as it covers political and sociable aspects of internationalisation, but it does not give any hint about economic concerns. Since the year 2000, according to a report written by the United Nations (2013), FDI dismissal to BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) has tripled reaching an amount of $263 billions in 2012.This amount represents 20% of FDI in the world. Moreover, Hall (1976) states that there are certain countries that can be described as High-context cultures that are based in interpersonal relationships. Those are countries where factors like trust or legitimacy are critical for argument and BRICS are considered as high-context countries. Therefore, firms need to gain legitimacy in order to operate in those markets and I nstitutional provides an excellent theoretical framework for defining success in those markets.Nonetheless, it cannot be assumed that firms just comply with international pressures in order to gain legitimacy. Di Maggio (1988) argues that agents and organizations have their own interests and have the ability to implement strategic actions in order to fulfil their ambitions. Scott (1995) also states that companies and organisations do not react in a passive way to institutional environment and they behave actively. Araujo (2000) determines that, although organisations are under away pressures, companies will decide their own response to the environment.Hence, companies are influenced by external factors, but they can decide what to do regarding those factors. On the other hand, there is some evidence that companies tend to mimic their strategic moves. Leroux, Pupion and Sahut (2011) state that companies are influenced by the choices made by the leaders of their sectors. Lieberman a nd Asaba (2006) argue that firms tend to imitate each other in order to deal with the uncertainty of the environment and reduce risks. For those authors, there two explanations for business imitation information-based explanation and rivalry-based explanation.Information-based ones assume that companies imitate the ones who seem to have superior information. Rivalry-based ones that companies copy their strategic moves in order to limit rivalry or keep stable competitive parity. There are some researchers who have tried to deduct whether Institutional theory is reliable or not for explaining an internationalization process. Bianchi and Arnold (2004) state that Institutional theory is the best theoretical framework in order to explain the failure of the Internationalization process of the American retail company Hot Depot into the Chilean market in 1998.Their research opinionated that the main cause of the failure of this process was the scarcity of legitimacy of Hot Depot in Chile b ecause they were not able to offer a confortable scab atmosphere for their customers and the range of products was not satisfactory for Chilean clients. Also, Hot Depot failed because its competitors were capable of anticipating and responding to its competitive advantage. Moreover, Cao and Perderzoli (2012) determine that institutional environment is very significant in the decision making process of retailing companies while operating in an acclivitous economy.They also state that the creation of shared added value in those economies and the scrap between the company and the host market will increase the adaptability of those companies to institutional environment in emerging economies. Nonetheless, there are some other cover that determine that the effect of external environment in a company depends of its profile. Walsh and Yu (2010) state that institutional factors do not have relevance in primal sector companies while they are relevant in manufacturing and services corpo rations as it is shown in their research using econometric methods.Additionally Wrightley, Coe and Currah (2005) and, Bianchi and Ostele (2006) determine that retail companies are more vulnerable to institutional issues than other kinds of companies. Therefore, there is empirical evidence that shows the relevancy of this theory for corporate internationalization operations during the last 20 years. Otherwise, this relevance depends of the sector of the company and it seems to be a relation between the level of impact of institutional factors and their level of interaction with final customers. Furthermore, it is important to discuss whether Institutional Theory is relevant or not for managers.Porter (1990) and Welford (1995) affirm that the external environment makes a strong influence on corporate strategy. Aguilar (1967) states that the environment is crucial in corporate strategy and he created the ETPS (Economic, Technical, Political and Social) model, which would become PEST mo del in the future, in order to analyse the external environment. Learned, Christiansen, Andrews and Guth (1969) determine that external environment is crucial for business strategy as long as it is a key element of their SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) model, where Opportunities and Threats are external elements.Thus, it cannot be denied that Institutional Theory is relevant for managers because environment is crucial for any strategic planning and if managers ignore those factors, they will be destined to fail in internationalisation process. Furthermore, external pressures have relevance in other essential aspects of corporate management. Zaheer (1995) states that companies operating abroad may suffer liability of foreignness which are economic and social problems that can affect their performance, so they would tend to modify their organizational structure in order to make it similar to topical anaesthetic firms? tructure. Also, Barkemeyer (2007) state t hat institutional pressures back up companies to develop CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) programmes in order to gain legitimacy in the host country. Therefore, external environment can exert a strong influence in all sorts of aspects of corporate management such as Organisation or CSR in order to be legitimate to operate in a foreign market and managers be aware of this situation. As a conclusion, it can be said that environmental pressures are a crucial element for business performance in international markets.During the last decade, legitimacy has proven itself as a key resource in FDI processes as long as emerging economies are becoming one of the main receptors of foreign investment and, for those countries, it is necessary being legitimate in order to be supported by customers, local authorities and other social actors. As a contrast, this theory has some drawbacks as long as it assumes, in its early version, which companies just comply with external pressures and it doe s not consider in depth economic aspects.Nevertheless, in spite of those weaknesses, Institutional Theory provide an excellent theoretical framework to managers that encourage them to be sensitive to the cultural elements (aesthetics, beliefs, norms or attitudes) and macro environment of their host markets, so they can improve their performance. Therefore, being able to provide such an important capability to international managers is the best strength of this theory and it is what makes it relevant today.

Changes in technology Essay

Technology enhances globalization. In past two decades, technology burst out like an explosion, definitely, the improvements of technology make our lives much more convenience. And, the innovational technology in microprocessors, net profit, and transportation enable the spreading out of globalization. Hill, C., (2001) stated Globalization has two main components the globalization of markets and the globalization of product. In other words, the changing in technology would lead to an influence on globalization of markets and globalization of production.The widely use in microprocessors and telecommunications increasing the amount of information being transferred, unless lower its appeal. This is very helpful in merging markets. The opportunities for companies to expend businesses are raised, due to plummeting in global communication cost. Updated data can be collected, and monitor overseas markets trend would become easier. Moreover, population of using Internet grows continuous ly since 1995 (Hill, C., 2001). This helps to create a global audience advertisings are non restricted by geographic region anymore. Products can sold at overseas, such as Hill, C. (2001) pointed out customer can buy Levis jeans in Paris McDonalds restaurant located in Tokyo. And, the cost of transportation plummeted, due to the revolutionized in transportation business, also helpful for expansion of business. Manufacturers can transport products at a lower cost and in a shorter time.As the trendy of globalization of production, productive activities spread out over the world, invention and widely use of microprocessors and Internet help supervisor to control the productive activities, and easier to communication to other in the process. The dispersal of production, for instance Hewlett-Packard separated its operations activities to different places, but reducing cost at the same time (Hill, C. 2001). As the decreasing cost in transportation, many businesses move their manufacturin g plants to nations that provide cheaper raw materials and nature resources, in order to lessen their production cost.Summering the above points, the three main changes in technology (microprocessors, Internet, and transportation) have a great supportive tothe globalization of markets and production. If the lower cost of communication does not exist, people around the world would not have so many chances to connect with others and business would not be willing to put money to stretch their markets. If the world without Internet and the World Wide Web, people might not able to get the most updated information, the production skills cannot be improved and productive activities cannot be shared.Without the convenience transportation system, customer and provider would not connect each other products cannot transfer to overseas market. Therefore, people would lose the opportunities to enjoy different products from alone around the world. Finally, markets from different countries sho uld not be merged together, and the production process should not spread out. Thats why the technology essential and enhance globalization.The above assignment is coming from the resources of Hill, C., Globalization, International Business, 2001, 3rd ed, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, New York.

John Updike

Eliana Orosco Mrs. King Composition II 8 March 2013 A&P John Updike was a prolific source of novels, short stories, essays, poems, and childrens tale. In the early stories such as A&P John Updike uses memories from his childhood and teenage years. For the sort of small scenes and stories for which he cursorily became famous for (Updike 233). Updike uses the elements of setting, mood, and characters to illustrate the theme of a rebellious generation in the short fiction story A&P.The setting of the A&P takes place in a small town north of Boston around 1960. Sammy needs a sympathetic listener (or contributor), someone who will attain the meaning he is constructing for himself as he puts his actions into tale order. Collapsing past and present in rapid yet reflective colloquial speech, Sammy tells how three teenage girls, barefoot, in bathing suits, came into the A & P store to make a purchase. As they move by the aisles, Sammy, from his work station, first ogles them and then ide alizes the prettiest and most confident of the three.He name calling her, to himself, Queenie and though he jokes with his fellow cashier about the girls sexiness, he is quietly disgusted by the butchers frankly lustful gaze as the girls search for what they neediness to buy. Worse is his managers puritanical rebuke for their beach attire as Queenie pays Sammy for her purchase. Outraged that his manager, Lengel, has made that pretty girl blush and wanting to demonstrate his refusal of such put down authority, Sammy quits his job on the spot.Though the girls leave without recognizing their hero, and though his manager tries to dissuade him from disappointing his parents, Sammy feels that once you begin a gesture, its fatal not to go through with it (196). He acts decisively, but the girls leave disappeared from the parking lot by the time he exits the store. In practical terms, Sammys action has gained him nothing and cost him everything, but his narrative affirms his gesture as a liberating form of dissent, (M.Gilbert Porter discusses Sammys dissent as Emersonian nonconformity Porter 1155-58. ) Sammy does not see how he could have done otherwise, though he finds himself at odds with the only society he knows, sure that the world will be hard to me, hereafter (Updike 238). The time of year in the story illustrates the old generation versus a new generation. The narrator states that the itinerary the young ladies were dressed isnt normally how they dress in the AP a very respectable supermarket.Sammy notices everyones expression towards the girls while they walk the aisles like when he says, The sheep pushing their carts down the aisle-the girls were walking against traffic (not that we have unidirectional signs or anything) were pretty hilarious. You could see them, when Queenies white shoulders dawned on them, kind of jerk, or hop, or hiccup, but their eyes snapped back to their own baskets and on they pushed (Updike 235).Another way the regular customers were so shocked how Queenie and her friends were dressed they had to take a second glare at them, A few house slaves in pin curlers level off looked around pushing their carts past to make sure what they had seen was correct. (Updike 235). The mood of the story is informal/rebellious that it illustrates that the AP is an uptight supermarket and everything has to be done the even out way. Like for example when Sammy rings an item up twice and he gets chewed out by one of the customers, I ring it up again and the customer starts giving me hell.She is one of those cash-register-watchers, a witch about fifty with rouge on her cheekbones and no eyebrows, and I know it made her day to trip me up (Updike 234). Mr. Lengel the manager at the AP was the first to mention to Queenie and her friends that their attire was not acceptable in the supermarket by saying, Girls, this isnt the beach. Girls, I dont want to argue with you. After this come in here with your shoulders covered. Its our p olicy (Updike 237). The characters in the short story illustrates the different rebellious moments in the story.Like for example, when Queenie shows the reader she doesnt care what people think about her or has to say when she enters the supermarket with a two piece bikini, Walking to the AP with your straps down, I enounce its the only kind of face you can have. She held her head so high her neck, coming up out of those white shoulders, looked kind of stretched (Updike 235). When Sammy tells Mr. Lengel, You didnt have to embarrass them (Updike 238). With Mr. Lengel replying to him, It was they who embarrassing us (238).Then Sammy quits by pulling the bow at the back of the apron and start shrugging it off his shoulders. When Sammy quits his job is in addition a rebellious moment because he quits to show the girls he stands up for them but when he does there is no one to thank him for his high-flown moment. Sammy finally realizes that the world will be hard to me, hereafter (Updi ke 238) for the decision he had made for sticking up for people he really didnt know. What I learned while reading the story is that with every decision there is consequences.Speaking up for someone may not always be the reproach or right thing to do. When you want to speak your own mind and defend someone you should be ready for the consequences coming after. Work Cited John Updike AP. Compact Literature Reading, Reacting, Writing Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mendall. Compact 8th ed. Boston Wadsworth, 2013. 234-38. Print. Saldivar, Toni. The Art of John Updikes A & P. Studies in Short Fiction 34. 2 (1997) 215. Literature vision Center. Web. 7 Mar. 2013.